Compact Online Reference Encyclopedia (CORE)

Looking for information on a specific topic, training, rule, or process? Through one search here, you can find the information you need from ICAOS’ white papers, advisory opinions, bylaws, policies, Hearing Officer's Guide, training modules, rules, helpdesk articles and the bench book. All results are cross-referenced with links to make navigation easy and intuitive.

Displaying 151 - 180 of 209
Rule 4.111 - Supervised Individuals Returning to the Sending State
(a) For a supervised individual returning to the sending state, the receiving state shall request reporting instructions, unless the individual is under active criminal investigation or is charged with a subsequent felony or violent crime in the receiving…
Bench Book - 3.2.1.6.1 Deferred Sentencing
 In addition to traditional cases where an individual is formally adjudicated and placed on supervision, the ICAOS also applies in so-called “suspended sentencing,” “suspended adjudication,” and “deferred sentencing” contexts. Rule 2.106 provides that “…
Support - ICOTS Activity Email Notification Time Frames
Reporting instructions Reply Due today, 2 business days after RI Request transmitted   Transfer Request Due today (7 business days after RI Request transmitted/15 business days after RI Request for Probationers Living in Receiving State at the Time of…
White Paper - Legal Implications of Remote Hearings in Relation to ICAOS Rules
Revised: 11/19/2025 Executive Summary This white paper examines how remote or virtual hearings intersect with ICAOS Rules governing the transfer, supervision, and return of supervised individuals. While not a new practice, the COVID-19 pandemic…
Bench Book - 5.3.1 Eleventh Amendment Immunity
Under the Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution, “[t]he Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State…
Bench Book - 3.2.1.6 Sentencing Considerations
The ICAOS applies to all individuals who meet the eligibility requirements and are subject to some form of community supervision or corrections. The term "supervised individual" is intentionally broad to accommodate changes in sentencing practices and…
Bench Book - 5.2.1.6 Persons Acting under Color of Law
There is rarely any doubt in the case law that probation and parole officials are “persons” and that, in performing their duties, they are acting under “color of law” within the meaning of Section 1983. The law also allows suits against municipalities and…
Hearing Officer's Guide - Introduction
This guide outlines due process procedures for retaking under the Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision (ICAOS). This guide is not an exhaustive legal review given the unique nature of violation cases. Each state may have procedural variations…
Bench Book - 1.4.3 Implications of Congressional Consent
Congressional consent can significantly change the nature of an interstate Compact. “[W]here Congress has authorized the States to enter into a cooperative agreement, and where the subject matter of that agreement is an appropriate subject for…
Bench Book - 1.9 Recommended Sources of Compact Law and Information
For additional information on interstate Compact law and interstate Compacts generally, see Michael L. Buenger, Jeffrey B. Litwak, Michael H. McCabe & Richard L. Masters,, The Evolving Law and Use of Interstate Compacts 2d ed. (ABA Publ’g 2016) and…
Rule 5.101-2 - Discretionary Process for Disposition of Violation in the Sending State for a New Crime Conviction
Notwithstanding any other rule, a sentence imposing a period of incarceration on a supervised individual convicted of a new crime which occurred outside the sending state during the compact period may satisfy or partially satisfy the sentence imposed by…
Support - Compact Action Request Quick Reference Guide
Compact Action Request (CAR) is a free form communication tool that allows you to request or notify another state of any action that is not addressed by a specifically named compact process.  CARs can be linked to a formal compact activity (such as a…
Bench Book - 4.7.3.2.1 Supervised Individual's Basic Rights at a Probable Cause Hearing
Rule 5.108(d) defines the supervised individual’s basic rights for a probable cause hearing. However, each state may have procedural variations. Therefore, to the extent that a hearing officer is unclear on the application of due process procedures in a…
Emergency Guidelines 01-2020
I. Authorization Article I of the ICAOS BYLAWS provides that, the Commission “is established to fulfill the objectives of the Compact” through “the promulgation of binding rules and operating procedures” governing “oversight and coordination of offender…
Rule 3.101-3 - Transfer of Supervision of Sex Offenders
(a) Eligibility for Transfer—At the discretion of the sending state a sex offender shall be eligible for transfer to a receiving state under the Compact rules. A sex offender shall not be allowed to leave the sending state until the sending state’s…
White Paper - Legal Implications of the Interstate Compact Offender Tracking System (ICOTS)
Revised 1/21/2026 Executive Summary This paper explains the legal status and potential admissibility of records maintained in the ICAOS National Data System as official business records. The system serves as the central platform used by all member states…
White Paper - Discharge of Sentences in Lieu of Retaking is a Violation of the Compact and the ICAOS Rules
Revised:  1/21/2026 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper addresses instances in which member states fail to comply with the mandatory retaking requirements of the ICAOS by discharging a supervised individual’s sentence or terminating supervision rather than…
Bench Book - 2.2 Why the Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision?
The intent of the ICAOS is not to dictate judicial sentencing or place restrictions on the court’s discretion relative to sentencing. See Scott v. Virginia, 676 S.E.2d 343, 347 (Va. App. 2009). The ICAOS contains no provisions directing judges on…
Bench Book - 3.5.1 Post-Transfer Change of the Underlying Circumstances
 As discussed, the transfer of supervision for a supervised individual is mandatory in some circumstances. Receiving states are required to accept the transfer if the individual meets the eligibility criteria outlined in Rules 3.101 and 3.101-1. As…
Rule 3.104-1 - Acceptance of Supervised Individual; Issuance of Reporting Instructions
(a) If a receiving state accepts transfer of the supervised individual, the receiving state’s acceptance shall include reporting instructions. (b) Upon notice of acceptance of transfer by the receiving state, the sending state shall issue a travel permit…
Hearing Officer's Guide - IV. Other Considerations
Authority of Officials  Officers from the sending state are required to establish their authority to retake the supervised individual. Sending and/or receiving state officials must demonstrate the supervised individual in custody and subject to retaking…
Rule 6.102 - Formal Resolution of Disputes and Controversies
(a) Alternative dispute resolution—Any controversy or dispute between or among parties that arises from or relates to this compact that is not resolved under Rule 6.101 may be resolved by alternative dispute resolution processes. These shall consist of…
Support - Managing Compact Office Emails, ICOTS PDFs & Public Web Portal Information
Edit Compact Office Administrator Function Available to state administrators, 'Edit Compact Office' (available to state administrators) allows for edits to compact office contact information and to change the Compact Office Designee which…
Support - Transfer Request Quick Reference Guide
A Transfer Request is required for every Compact transfer of supervision; see Rule 3.107. Be sure to VERIFY all information entered. See ICAOS’s Verification Tips Sheet. Required for All Transfers Intended departure date (manage date via the Profile…
Bench Book - 4.4 Arrest and Detention of Supervised Individuals in the Receiving State
The courts have defined the relationship between the sending state and receiving state officials as an agency relationship. Courts recognize that in supervising out-of-state supervised individuals the receiving state acts on behalf of and as an agent of…
Support - 2022 Special Presentations (APAI, APPA, NAEO)
APPA Winter Institute February 2, 2022:  The Commission presented at the American Probation and Parole Association Winter Training Institute in Atlanta, Georgia. There, community supervision and judicial professionals learned how the Interstate Compact…
Support - Request for Reporting Instructions Quick Reference Guide
Reporting Instructions provide permission for a supervised individual to proceed to a receiving state during the transfer investigation.  Not all transfers qualify for reporting instructions. Sending states determine whether a supervised individual…
Bench Book - 3.3.4 Transfer of Supervision of Sex Offenders
The Commission recognizes that the transfer of sex offenders is complex due to individual state laws regarding sex offender registries and various residency and employment restrictions. Rule 3.101-3 addresses these challenges in order to promote…
Social Media Policy 01-2025
I. Objective  To strategically use social media to enhance stakeholder engagement, increase public awareness, and share accurate, consistent information in support of the Interstate Commission for Adult Offender Supervision’s (ICAOS) mission of public…
Bench Book - 1.4.2 Withdrawal and Modification of Congressional Consent
Once Congress grants its consent to a Compact, the general view is that it may not be withdrawn. Although the matter has not been resolved by the U.S. Supreme Court, two federal circuit courts of appeal have held that congressional consent, once given, is…
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