Compact Online Reference Encyclopedia (CORE)

Looking for information on a specific topic, training, rule, or process? Through one search here, you can find the information you need from ICAOS’ white papers, advisory opinions, bylaws, policies, Hearing Officer's Guide, training modules, rules, helpdesk articles and the bench book. All results are cross-referenced with links to make navigation easy and intuitive.

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Bench Book - 5.3.1.3 Waiver of Eleventh Amendment Immunity
There are several ways a state might waive its Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit in federal court. First, immunity can be waived by express state law. It can also be waived by voluntary participation in a federal program that expressly conditions…
Rule 3.101-2 - Discretionary transfer of supervision
(a) A sending state may request transfer of supervision of an offender who does not meet the eligibility requirements in Rule 3.101, where acceptance in the receiving state would support successful completion of supervision, rehabilitation of the offender…
Support - 2023 Special Presentations (APAI, APPA)
The Future of ICAOS, The Next 20 Years On January 24th, the Commission presented at the American Probation and Parole Association Winter Training Institute in Columbus, Ohio. There, community supervision and judicial professionals learned the general…
Bench Book - 4.7.3.2 Probable Cause Hearings when Violations Occurred in another State
Where the retaking of an offender may result in revocation of conditional release by the sending state, the offender is entitled to the basic due process considerations that are the foundation of the Supreme Court’s decisions in Morrissey and Gagnon, and…
Rule 4.111 - Offenders returning to the sending state
(a) For an offender returning to the sending state, the receiving state shall request reporting instructions, unless the offender is under active criminal investigation or is charged with a subsequent felony or violent crime in the receiving state. The…
Support - FY22 Q4 (April 2022-June 2022): User clean up (remove roles, deactivate after 12 months, etc.)
What is User Administration? With an average of 30,000 active ICOTS users at any given time, each state is responsible for user administration and user ICOTS training.  In FY2019, the Commission conducted an audit to ensure states have adopted and…
White Paper - State Liability: Why Your State Can Be Sanctioned Upon Violation of the Compact or the ICAOS Rules
Published September 2, 2011 At the request of the ICAOS Executive Committee resulting from several recent cases in which courts and other agencies have apparently lacked awareness or ignored the requirements of ICAOS and its rules in particular cases, the…
Support - Transferring Supervision to the Receiving State
Transferring Supervision to the Receiving State These training tools and resources discuss requirements and processes for transferring supervision of an offender to another state.  -Transfer Request Requirements -Investigation Period -Requesting Reporting…
Bench Book - 3.2.1.6.1 Deferred Sentencing
In addition to traditional cases where an offender is formally adjudicated and placed on supervision, the ICAOS also applies in so-called “suspended sentencing,” “suspended adjudication,” and “deferred sentencing” contexts. Rule 2.106 provides that “…
Bench Book - 5.2.1.6 Persons Acting under Color of Law
There is rarely any doubt in the case law that probation and parole officials are “persons” and that, in performing their duties, they are acting under “color of law” within the meaning of Section 1983. The law also allows suits against municipalities and…
Rule 5.101-2 - Discretionary process for disposition of violation in the sending state for a new crime conviction
Notwithstanding any other rule, a sentence imposing a period of incarceration on an offender convicted of a new crime which occurred outside the sending state during the compact period may satisfy or partially satisfy the sentence imposed by the sending…
Bench Book - 1.4.3 Implications of Congressional Consent
Congressional consent can significantly change the nature of an interstate Compact. “[W]here Congress has authorized the States to enter into a cooperative agreement, and where the subject matter of that agreement is an appropriate subject for…
Bench Book - 1.9 Recommended Sources of Compact Law and Information
For additional information on interstate Compact law and interstate Compacts generally, see MICHAEL L. BUENGER, JEFFREY B. LITWAK, MICHAEL H. MCCABE & RICHARD L. MASTERS,, THE EVOLVING LAW AND USE OF INTERSTATE COMPACTS 2d ed. (ABA Publ’g 2016) and…
Bench Book - 3.2.1.6 Sentencing Considerations
The ICAOS applies to all offenders meeting the eligibility requirements and who are subject to some form of community supervision or corrections. By design, the term “offender” provides greater scope and flexibility in the management of offender…
Rule 3.104-1 - Acceptance of offender; issuance of reporting instructions
(a) If a receiving state accepts transfer of the offender, the receiving state’s acceptance shall include reporting instructions. (b) Upon notice of acceptance of transfer by the receiving state, the sending state shall issue a travel permit to the…
Support - Compact Action Request Quick Reference Guide
Compact Action Request (CAR) is a free form communication tool that allows you to request or notify another state of any action that is not addressed by a specifically named compact process.  CARs can be linked to a formal compact activity (such as a…
Bench Book - 4.7.3.2.1 Offender’s Basic Rights at a Probable Cause Hearing
If the offender is entitled to a probable cause hearing, Rule 5.108(d) defines the offender’s basic rights. However, each state may have procedural variations. Therefore, to the extent that a hearing officer is unclear on the application of due process…
Rule 3.101-3 - Transfer of supervision of sex offenders
(a) Eligibility for Transfer—At the discretion of the sending state a sex offender shall be eligible for transfer to a receiving state under the Compact rules. A sex offender shall not be allowed to leave the sending state until the sending state’s…
Emergency Guidelines 01-2020
I. Authorization Article I of the ICAOS BYLAWS provides that, the Commission “is established to fulfill the objectives of the Compact” through “the promulgation of binding rules and operating procedures” governing “oversight and coordination of offender…
Bench Book - 2.2 Why the Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision?
The intent of the ICAOS is not to dictate judicial sentencing or place restrictions on the court’s discretion relative to sentencing. See Scott v. Virginia, 676 S.E.2d 343, 347 (Va. App. 2009). The ICAOS contains no provisions directing judges on…
Rule 6.102 - Formal resolution of disputes and controversies
(a) Alternative dispute resolution—Any controversy or dispute between or among parties that arises from or relates to this compact that is not resolved under Rule 6.101 may be resolved by alternative dispute resolution processes. These shall consist of…
Support - Managing Compact Office Emails, ICOTS PDFs & Public Web Portal Information
Edit Compact Office Administrator Function Available to state administrators, 'Edit Compact Office' (available to state administrators) allows for edits to compact office contact information and to change the Compact Office Designee which…
Support - DCA & Compact Staff Dashboard Program FY22
DCA Liaison Committee Best Practices & Dashboard Usage Program Given the importance of ICOTS data entry and user management, the Commission made state responsibilities for it the focus of several annual audits.  The ICAOS Dashboards are vital to…
Support - Transfer Request Quick Reference Guide
A Transfer Request is required for every Compact transfer of supervision; see Rule 3.107. Be sure to VERIFY all information entered. See ICAOS’s Verification Tips Sheet. Required for All Transfers Intended departure date (manage date via the Profile…
Bench Book - 4.4 Arrest and Detention of Offenders in the Receiving State
The courts have defined the relationship between sending state and receiving state officials as an agency relationship. Courts recognize that in supervising out-of-state offenders the receiving state acts on behalf of and as an agent of the sending state…
Support - 2022 Special Presentations (APAI, APPA, NAEO)
APPA Winter Institute February 2, 2022:  The Commission presented at the American Probation and Parole Association Winter Training Institute in Atlanta, Georgia. There, community supervision and judicial professionals learned how the Interstate Compact…
Bench Book - 3.3.4 Transfer of Supervision of Sex Offenders
The Commission recognizes that the transfer of sex offenders is complex due to individual state laws regarding sex offender registries and various residency and employment restrictions. Rule 3.101-3 addresses these challenges in order to promote offender…
Bench Book - 5.3.2 State Sovereign Immunity
State sovereign immunity is, as noted above, the doctrine that prevents a state from being sued in its own courts without its consent. It will generally be a matter of state law, and of course not every state is the same. Many states have narrowed or…
Bench Book - 1.4.2 Withdrawal and Modification of Congressional Consent
Once Congress grants its consent to a Compact, the general view is that it may not be withdrawn. Although the matter has not been resolved by the U.S. Supreme Court, two federal circuit courts of appeal have held that congressional consent, once given, is…
Bench Book - 3.6.1 General Conditions
Although a state may be required to accept supervision given the offender’s eligibility status, the receiving state may determine that conditions are necessary at the time of acceptance. The receiving state can only impose conditions that it would impose…
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